Cover thesis establishment of the biological control system. Following two decades of pioneer planting with minimal problems, the smallholders and the sulawesi cocoa industry now face serious losses in production and impacts on bean quality due to declining soil fertility and pests and pathogens of which cocoa pod borer cpb, the moth conopomorpha cramerella, the oomycete phytophthora palmivora which. Soil biodiversity and incidence of cocoa pod borer and black pods. Effectiveness of sex pheromone in controlling cocoa pod.
This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Soil biodiversity and incidence of cocoa pod borer and black. Control of cocoa pod borer and phytophthora pod rot. Cocoa, cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella, integrated pest management, monitoring technique. Prevention of cpb attack can be done by pod sleeving to prevent cpbs lay eggs on pod, or reduction of. Ahdin gassa 1, tamrin abdullah, fatahuddin 3, muhammad junaid 4 jurusan hama dan penyakit tumbuhan, fakultas pertanian universitas hasanuddin, makassar, indonesia. Productivity and resistance to cocoa pod borer and phytophthora pod.
Responses to cocoa pod borer as outlined in note 2, the cpb incursion in png caused major disruption to the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. Cocoa exports fell from 52,579 tonnes in 2008 to 33,090 tonnes in 2015. The cocoa pod borer infests cocoa fruit at the developing stage fig. Analyses of ovipositor washings and entrained volatiles from virgin female moths by gas chromatography gc linked to electroantennography eag, and comparison of eag responses from the male moth to synthetic compounds indicated the presence of thee,z,z. Useng, and darmawan natural resource research and development center, hasanuddin university department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, hasanuddin university.
The larvae feed on the placenta and cause severe damage to the beans. The relationship between abundance of dolichoderus thoracicus smith and damage to cocoa pods caused by conopomorpha cramerella snellen was examined in a series of experiments. Gracillariidae, successfully infests and reproduces on relatively few host plants, but has a major economic impact only on cocoa, theobroma cacao l. These pests attack fruit and cause a yield decline in both quantity and quality. The cocoa pod borer cpb has particularly hampered the. Symposium on management of the cocoa pod borer, march 1987. Improved management strategies for cocoa in papua new. Twelve cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis berliner were tested in bioassays on cacao plantations in indonesia for activity against the larvae of cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen, an insect pest of the cacao tree. In one such partly transformed society in east new britain province, papua new guinea, we examine the adaptation decisions of smallholders in response to the drastic drop of yield in their cocoa plots caused by the sudden outbreak of cocoa pod borer. Evolution of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella. C e activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in. A cocoa planting cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in papua new guinea 3 program funded by the european union, undp, targeted interviews conducted in png, technical re and ausaid assisted in attaining this productivity ports,3 e. Through the damage caused by their feeding, the larvae of cocoa pod borer cause the pods of the cocoa tree to ripen prematurely. Sep 21, 2012 theprimary pests of cocoa are mirids capsids, pod borers and bollworms.
Integrated vs conventional production systems in sulawesi s. Pdf activity ofbacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa. Universiti malaysia sabah ums download fulltext pdf read fulltext. Assessments on the infestation of cocoa pod borer cpb using four treatments. Some rats, woodpeckers, squirrels, and even mistletoe. Categorization of pod damage and analysis of damage intensity by cpb per treatment unit were conducted on 50 pods completely free from phytophthora infection. Through the damage caused by their feeding, the larvae of cocoa pod borer cause the pods of the cocoa tree. Biological control of cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella. Pdf cocoa is subjected to be infested by various numbers of insect pests, and cocoa pod borer is the most serious pest of cocoa in malaysia. As regards mei, me98 was the commoner allele in the cocoa pod borer populations of tawau, mei 102 in the cocoa pod borer population of sua betong while the most frequent allele in the rambutan fruit borer populations from ladang 7, puchong and kuala kangsar was mei 100. Pdf an electrophoretic study of natural populations of.
Following its emergence as a pest in east new britain, papua new guinea, in 2006, it was considered relevant t. From larvae turns into imago adult insects which in turn will breed to begin a new life cycle. Pdf evaluation of best management practices for cocoa pod. In addition, insect pests such as the cocoa pod borer and mirids are also major. Dec 01, 2014 the cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella snellen gracillariidae. The project alsosupport ed reforestation and improvement of degraded land, promoted cocoa agroforestry systems and link ed farmers with a new fermented cocoa market chain. Activity ofbacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa pod. Formulation of artificial diet to increase population. Although burial of infested pods is the recommended practice for the control of cpb infestation daff 2014. Feb 16, 2017 the cocoa pod borer cpb larva causes damage to cocoa by boring into the pod and disrupting the development of the beans.
Cambridge univer asian cocoa pod borer cpb conopomorpha cramerella sity press, 2005. Cocoa pod borer damages cocoa and rambutan fruit, causing significant yield loss. Mar 08, 2005 a new method for the synthesis of 1,5diynes, from the reaction of 1,3dilithiopropyne and propargyl chlorides, was developed. Improved management strategies for cocoa in papua new guinea. The scientific name of this pest is conophomorpa cramerella. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in papua. Have easy access to running pod install and pod update on your projects.
Controling cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella sn. The cocoa plant is a branching tree with with simple, pointed lanceolate leaves which can measure up to 61 cm 24 in long and 10 cm 4 in wide. Pep2 on ca7 buffer showed polymorphism only in the tawau sample of cocoa pod borers where alleles pep2 f and pep2 s rusnah et al. Enriched cocoa pod composts and their fertilizing effects on. The cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. The last instar leaves the pod and pupates outside on damaged pods, leaves, bark or in the soil lim et al. Host preferences of the cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. It also supports running every cocoapods command via a hosted ruby environment. Pods ripen early photo 4 and the beans are small, flat and often stuck together in a mass of dried mucilage, and this produces poor quality cocoa beans. Subsequently, the artificial nest invited the cba to.
Sometimes the larvae eat the seed coat of the cotyledons, the first leaves. Its life cycle starts from the egg turning into a larvae. Similarly, sleeving of cocoa pods at reasonable age is effective in reducing crop loss caused by cocoa pod borer. It is found at nearly all territory of cocoa cultivation in indonesia. Time required to complete one cycle is less than 35 days. The cocoa pod borer,conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Cocoa pod borer cpb, conopomorpha cramerella snellen is a dangerous and harmful pest of cocoa cultivation found in asia pacific countries such as indonesia, malaysia, philippines and papua new guinea. Conopomorpha cramerella and phy tophthora pod rot ppr. This ant could protect cocoa pod from cpb infestation by interrupting the cpb from laying the eggs on pod surface. View of pod characteristics of cocoa theobroma cacao l. Pdf cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in. Phytophthora palmivora are serious pest and disease on cocoa. Many people consider the pod borer to be the most important pest of cocoa in many parts of southeast asia. We are developing effective ways to detect and predict infestations such as evaluating improved clones and then.
Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha. We investigated the significance of zero waste integrated. Cacao agroforestry systems do not increase pest and disease. The cocoa theobroma cacoa plant is infested by several insects like cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella, stem borer zeuzera coffee, mealy bug planococcus lilacinus, cocoa aphid toxoptera aurantii, and cow bug gargara sp.
Another serious pests are the rodents, which cause considerable lossto pods entwistle, 1985. Host preferences of the cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha. Pest management of cocoa pod borer in agriculture tips petani. Using data on cocoa pod borer cpb infestation and cocoa yield from mixedvariety plantations in south sulawesi, indonesia, we developed models for estimating.
Onfarm selection for quality and resistance to pestdiseases of. Cocoa production is a boutique industry in far north queensland. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella is a pest of cocoa in southeast asia. Sexual dimorphism of pupae and adults of the cocoa pod. Over the past five years, cocoa production averaged 43,867 tons with 90% of these being produced by village farmers while 10% from the plantation sector. It first appeared in sabah, malaysia, in 1980, but at that time there was no.
Pdf assessments on the infestation of cocoa pod borer cpb using four treatments. Components of female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer moth. Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in sabah by regular complete harvesting. Tricky to control, it is now one of the most serious threats to the global cocoa industry. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen cpb is an important pest of cocoa. Cocoa pod borer cpb, conopomorpha cramerella snell. Practical yield loss models for infestation of cocoa with. The possibility of onfarm selection and impacts on bean quality due to declining soil for superior genotypes was based on the genetic fertility and pests and pathogens of which cocoa pod diversity found on indonesian cocoa smallholdings as borer cpb, the moth conopomorpha cramerella, the a result of the several introductions and subsequent. It can also be affected by many fungi such as the frosty pod rot and wilt. When the cocoa pod borer grub bores into a pod it feds on the beans inside and. Pdf onfarm selection for quality and resistance to pest. Both the cocpa pod borer and the rambutan fruit borer are known scientifically as c. Valorisation strategies for cocoa pod husk and its fractions core. Spread also occurs as larvae within rambutan fruit.
Spread of the cocoa pod borer occurs through movement of the pods, leaves and other vegetation to which the pupae are attached. Basic research on the cocoa pod borer in papua new guinea to. Pdf an electrophoretic study of natural populations of the. Hence, while differences do exist in allelic frequencies between. In sulawesi, indonesia, cocoa smallholdings are seriously affected by the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella, cpb. Pdf evaluation of best management practices for cocoa pod borer. There are some pests and diseases that can affect the cocoa tree. Practical yield loss models for infestation of cocoa with cocoa pod. Others like mealy bugs are important as they act as vectors of viruses. This new methodology was used to prepare 4e,6z,10z4,6,10hexadecatrien1ol, one of the pheromone components of the cocoa pod borer moth conopomorpha cramerella, in 51% overall yield. Biological control of cocoa pod borer conopomorpha. Pngs cocoa industry has been in decline since the serious outbreak of cocoa pod borer cpb from 2008. Ipm crsp trip report southeast asia regional project.
Activity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa. Pods were harvested from antabundant and antscarce plots and categorized into fully extractable, partially extractable and unextractable, the last category reflecting the most severe degree of c. The larvae or caterpillars do the damage by boring into the young, green pods and feeding on the tissues that surround the beans. Approximately two weeks after hatching, the larvae leave the pod and pupate on the pod or leaves. In enb and arob, cocoa production dropped by more than 70% and there has been a massive fall in smallholder incomes.
But, production is threatened by the cocoa pod borer. Gracilariidae is a major cocoa pest in sabah state, malaysia but until late 1986 it was only present as a minor pestoframbutan in peninsularmalaysia loke et al. At this stage the ipmp emphasis with cocoa is on the cocoa pod borer cpb and in coffee on the coffee cherry borer cbb which is yet to arrive in png, hence the approach is to continue surveillance and. Cacao diseases aps journals american phytopathological society. Effectiveness of botanical insecticide formulations against cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snell. C e activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone.
Fidelis 2014, majority of growers find this as a cumbersome activity curry et al. However, there were no clear cut differences between the allelic frequencies and heterozygosities for populations of rambutan fruit borers and cocoa pod borers. Gracillariinae, is an important pest of cocoa in southeast asia and oceania, with devastating effects on yields. Related to cocoa pod borer resistance conopomorpha cramerella snell. To explain why the impact of the pest has been so great we examine the interconnections between household responses, the local sociocultural and economic context of. They are difficult to control with conventional measures. An electrophoretic study of natural populations of the cocoa. Production of cocoa theobroma cacao beans from plantations in papua new. Many insects can feed on and destroy the tree and fruit such as the cocoa capsids or cocoa mirids, as well as the cocoa pod borer. Enriched cocoa pod composts and their fertilizing effects. The cocoa pod borer moth a major hindrance to cocoa development. The cocoa pod borer is the insect with complete metamorphosis.
Activity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa pod. Evaluation design report cocoa performance evaluation phase 2. The cocoa pod borer cpb, conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Alternatively, you can download the pdf file directly to your computer, from where it can be opened using a pdf reader. Pest management of cocoa pod borer in agriculture tips. Pdf data on rnaseq analysis of the cocoa pod borer pest. Cocoa is a highly important export in papua new guinea, 80% of which comes from smallholders dependent on it for their livelihoods. Prevention of cpb attack can be done by pod sleeving to prevent cpbs lay eggs on pod, or reduction of source of cpb infestation by using pheromone or kairomone as attractant in an. Soil biodiversity and incidence of cocoa pod borer and. The eggs laid on the pod surface hatch, and the insect larva bore inside the pods. This note will outline how farmers responded to the rapid spread of cpb and the. Cocoa seedlings produced by iccri by somatic embryogenesis for distribution throughout indonesia one management strategy for suppression of the cocoa pod borer is to provide nesting sites see photo for black ants, dolichoderus thoracicus. The second note focused on the impact of cocoa pod borer cpb conopomorpha cramerella on the livelihoods of smallholders in the study sites of east new britain, the autonomous region of bougainville and milne bay provinces.
The cocoa pod borer, or is often named the cpb is one of the most common pests in cocoa cultivation. Gracillariidae, has been reported as the most serious pest of cacao, theobroma cacao l. Currently, cpb pest attacks have spread to all areas of indonesian cocoa cultivation with various attack intensity, which becomes a threat to. Sexual dimorphism of pupae and adults of the cocoa pod borer. Applications of biological agents and pruning effectively. The population of cba can be increased by augmentation of artificial nest made from bamboo and palm leaves17 or plastic bag stuffed with dry cocoa leaves18,19. Pdf evaluation of best management practices for cocoa.
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